EDITORIAL
Islamic Finance Growing in Bangladesh Despite Structural Issues
Published
2 years agoon
By
EditorThe Bangladeshi Islamic finance industry is likely to continue growing over the medium term, driven by rising public demand, new branch openings, and supportive government policies, says Fitch Ratings. Many conventional banks are focusing on Islamic products, either by opening new Islamic branches or windows or by converting into full-fledged Islamic banks. Islamic capital markets remain nascent, but the government started issuing domestic sovereign Sukuk in 2020, with its fourth auction in April 2022. This supports fiscal funding diversification and enables Islamic banks and takaful firms to invest their liquidity. Structural issues include underdeveloped regulations and a weak banking sector.
More lax prudential requirements have supported Islamic banking growth and motivated conventional banks to provide Islamic products. The regulator, Bangladesh Bank, has set the statutory liquidity ratio limit for Islamic banks (5.5%) much lower than for conventional banks (13%). Islamic banks also benefit from higher prudential limits, such as an advance-deposit ratio of 92% in contrast to 87% for conventional banks. We estimate the Bangladeshi Islamic finance industry to be over USD58 billion at end-1H22.
Bangladesh’s positive economic growth prospects (real GDP growth 2023F: 5%), due to rising private consumption, exports of ready-made garments, government spending, and investment, should support Islamic and conventional banking performance over the medium term.
The Islamic finance industry faces long-standing challenges, including Islamic banks’ limited branches and digital banking networks in rural areas – where 61% of the Bangladeshi population resided in 2021, according to the World Bank. The Islamic finance regulatory framework is underdeveloped, with a lack of Sukuk investment options and Islamic derivatives or hedging instruments, low awareness of Islamic products, lack of standardization, inadequate fintech usage, lack of incentives for Sukuk issuers, and under-skilled human capital.
Part of the Islamic liquidity-management infrastructure exists for Islamic banks, who can deploy and receive interbank placements from both Islamic banks and conventional banks, and invest in short-term government Sukuk in the form of Bangladesh Government Islamic Investment Bonds. However, no Islamic repurchase agreement or Islamic lender-of-last-resort facilities exists with the central bank. Potential remains to expand the range of Islamic liquidity-management products.
The Bangladeshi financial sector is also underdeveloped in general. The banking sector’s asset quality, capitalization, governance, and regulatory quality are weak, especially for public-sector banks. Banking penetration remains very low. About 47% of Bangladesh’s adult population didn’t have a bank account in 2021, and 8% of adults cited religious reasons for not having them, according to the World Bank. Insurance and takaful penetration was also very low at 0.5% in 2021. While a challenge, it underpins the high long-term growth potential for Islamic finance in Bangladesh, which has the fourth-largest Muslim population in the world.
Islamic banking has a domestic market share of 28.5% of total industry loans and advances at end-1H22 (June 2021: 28%). Islamic banks’ global market share was 2.7% – higher than Indonesia (1.9%), Pakistan (1.3%), Egypt (1.3%), and Jordan (0.9%), based on Islamic Financial Services Board’s latest available data. The outstanding Sukuk volume was about USD 1.7 billion. The takaful segment’s end-2020 domestic market share of 14.4% placed it seventh-largest globally, ahead of Oman (13.9%), Pakistan (12.6%), Bahrain (12%), and the UAE (10.2%).
Several initiatives could support Islamic finance development. In August 2022, the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission released regulations on forming a Shariah Advisory Council, which should help in the push for standardization and support of Sukuk issuance. In September 2022, Bangladesh Bank issued a policy on green bond financing for banks and financial institutions, which covers Islamic securities. Standards issued by Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions are partially adopted in Bangladesh.
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EDITORIAL
The Escalation of Conflict in the Middle East
Published
3 weeks agoon
October 14, 2024By
EditorThe recent flare-up of violence between Israel, Gaza, and Lebanon marks another dark chapter in the long-standing conflict that has gripped the Middle East. The latest round of hostilities, characterized by Israel’s military operations and Iran’s aggressive missile response, underscores a tragic cycle of violence driven by deep-seated geopolitical tensions, territorial disputes, and the plight of civilian populations caught in the crossfire.
Context of the Iranian Attack on Israel
The ballistic missile assault by Iran on October 2nd represents a significant escalation in hostilities. This action was a direct retaliation for Israel’s targeted strikes against key leaders of Hezbollah and Hamas, including the controversial killing of Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah. Iranian officials have characterized this attack not only as a defensive measure but also as a necessary response to what they perceive as escalating Israeli aggression across the region. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s authorization of the strike illustrates Iran’s frustration and determination to project military strength amid perceived threats.
Previously, Iranian responses to Israeli provocations had been measured, often aiming to avoid further escalation. However, the accumulation of Israeli attacks and the rhetoric from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggesting a desire to shift the regional balance of power has pushed Iran’s leadership towards a more aggressive posture. The shift from symbolic to tangible military retaliation indicates a critical turning point, marking Iran’s readiness to engage in military conflict if deemed necessary.
Motivations Behind Iran’s Retaliation
Iran’s decision to retaliate stems from several intertwined factors. The assassinations of prominent Hamas and Hezbollah leaders have stirred sentiments of urgency and frustration within Iran. The Iranian leadership, particularly hardliners, viewed previous restraint as a miscalculation that only emboldened Israeli actions. The latest military strike signals not only a reaction to immediate threats but also an assertion of Iran’s role as a leader within the so-called “axis of resistance” against perceived Western and Israeli hegemony.
This changing dynamic indicates a broader willingness within Tehran to adopt more confrontational tactics, demonstrating that the previous deterrent effect of potential broader conflict no longer holds the same sway. As Iran solidifies its position in the region, it risks further alienating itself from diplomatic avenues and exacerbating the already tense atmosphere.
The Role of the United States and Geopolitical Dynamics
Amid these developments, the unwavering support of the United States for Israel plays a critical role. The US response to Iran’s missile strikes, characterized by missile interceptions and dismissive rhetoric from President Joe Biden, further illustrates the complexities of US-Israel relations. This alliance, often viewed through the lens of Western double standards, feeds into the narrative of oppression felt by many in the Muslim world, where US actions are seen as part of a broader pattern of destabilization.
Moreover, the historical context of NATO’s military interventions in Muslim-majority countries adds another layer of animosity toward Western powers. Iran’s increasing hostility is partly fueled by perceptions of bias and injustice perpetuated by the West, particularly in its support of Israeli military operations.
The Challenge of Unity in the Muslim World
In the face of escalating violence, the question arises: why has the Muslim world not formed a unified military response to counter Israeli actions? The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), a body with the potential to marshal considerable resources and manpower, has historically been unable to overcome internal divisions and differing national interests to create an effective military coalition.
Fragmentation, ideological differences, and varying degrees of alignment with Western powers have hindered the formation of a cohesive response to Israeli aggression. The absence of a robust defense mechanism leaves Muslim populations vulnerable to external threats while Israel continues to benefit from military superiority and diplomatic backing from Western nations.
Toward a Path of Peace
For any hope of achieving lasting peace in the region, a re-evaluation of global power dynamics is crucial, especially regarding the US’s role and its steadfast support for Israel. Additionally, Muslim countries must confront their internal divisions and prioritize collective action over individual national interests to effectively safeguard their rights and address external aggressions.
As the cycle of violence continues to unfold, the humanitarian impact on civilians in Gaza, Lebanon, and Israel grows increasingly dire. A commitment to dialogue, diplomacy, and a genuine reassessment of strategies is essential if the region is to break free from the tragic cycle of conflict and move toward a more stable and just future for all its inhabitants.
EDITORIAL
Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria – A Misguided Approach?
Published
3 weeks agoon
October 14, 2024By
EditorThe recent removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria and the accompanying surge in fuel prices has become a subject of intense debate. The policy, prescribed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was introduced as a means of curbing government spending and stimulating economic reform. However, the consequences have been severe, leading to an immediate increase in inflation, a rise in the cost of living, and a deepening of the poverty crisis. Nigeria, already grappling with significant economic challenges, now finds itself on a path that many other nations have treaded, often to disastrous outcomes.
The Double Standard of Bretton Woods Institutions
What strikes many as glaring hypocrisy is the fact that while Nigeria, and much of the developing world, is pressured by Western institutions to remove subsidies, those same Western economies continue to subsidize their industries in one form or another. Take the U.S., for example: both Republican and Democratic administrations have historically ramped up spending and subsidies, especially during times of crisis. According to the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, President Trump approved $8.4 trillion of new ten-year borrowing during his term, with significant portions directed toward COVID relief, and President Biden has so far approved $4.3 trillion in new borrowing. The lesson here is simple: even the wealthiest nations find ways to subsidize their economies to ensure growth and stability, recognizing that austerity measures are often counterproductive.
In China and Russia—two countries that have experienced tremendous growth—state subsidies have played a key role in economic expansion. Infrastructure, education, healthcare, and energy are all areas that have seen significant state investment, leading to improvements in productivity and economic growth. These subsidies are not mere giveaways but strategic investments that propel national development and enhance global competitiveness. So why, then, are developing countries like Nigeria told that subsidy removal is the only path forward?
Nigeria’s Path to Growth: Subsidies and Economic Expansion
Rather than relying on austerity and subsidy removal to balance the budget, Nigeria must pursue an alternative strategy focused on economic growth and boosting productivity. Removing subsidies, especially in a country where the majority of people live below the poverty line, is akin to pulling the rug out from under the feet of the most vulnerable.
The key to a prosperous Nigerian economy lies in stimulating growth, not in imposing cuts. The IMF and World Bank often fail to recognize that austerity measures shrink economies, reduce demand, and cripple productivity. When fuel prices are artificially inflated, the cost of transportation, goods, and services also rises. This creates a vicious cycle where businesses struggle to operate, unemployment increases, and poverty deepens.
Instead of shrinking the economy through austerity, Nigeria should focus on boosting its productive sectors. This can be achieved through a robust infrastructure investment plan, aimed at improving the agricultural, manufacturing, and technology sectors. Nigeria boasts vast arable land, abundant natural resources, and a youthful population with untapped potential. Investing in these areas can generate jobs, spur innovation, and stimulate sustainable economic growth.
In this regard, Nigeria can learn from the United States, particularly from the policies enacted in Democratic-controlled cities. Most of the top-ranked universities and largest cities in the U.S. are run by Democrats, whose policies focus on building public infrastructure, expanding opportunities, and creating value through strategic government spending. High taxes are imposed, but the returns in public services and infrastructure improvements help drive economic growth. The same principles can apply in Nigeria: public investments in infrastructure and human capital development can yield long-term dividends that far outweigh the short-term savings from subsidy removal.
A Case Study: Argentina’s Failed Austerity Experiment
Argentina offers a cautionary tale. The recent removal of critical subsidies in Argentina has plunged more than half of the country’s 46 million people into poverty. The new right-wing government’s austerity measures, aimed at reining in deficits, have worsened living conditions for the poor and undermined social stability. The parallels to Nigeria’s current situation are clear: removing subsidies without addressing underlying economic issues such as corruption and inefficiency leads to a greater divide between the rich and the poor, and the destruction of what little social safety nets remain.
The Islamic economist, in reviewing such a scenario, asks a fundamental question: How can we promote equity and justice in the economy if the most vulnerable bear the brunt of economic restructuring? In Islamic economic philosophy, justice (‘adl) is paramount, and policies that exacerbate poverty and inequality are inherently flawed.
The Flawed Premise of Austerity in Africa
Nigeria’s removal of fuel subsidies is a textbook example of Western-style austerity being applied in an African context, with little regard for the socioeconomic realities on the ground. The argument that subsidy removal will free up funds for infrastructure and other public goods is misleading, given the deeply entrenched corruption in the system. The real issue is not subsidies themselves but the corruption and inefficiency that distort their implementation.
For decades, fuel subsidies in Nigeria have served as a lifeline for the majority of the population. While critics argue that these subsidies have fostered corruption and inefficiency, their removal without adequate reforms to address systemic issues has led to more harm than good. Prices for essential goods and services have skyrocketed, placing an unbearable burden on ordinary Nigerians.
It is important to note that subsidy removal has not worked as a standalone policy in any country. Argentina’s economic collapse, as highlighted earlier, is a clear example. There is no historical record of any country that successfully eradicated poverty and stimulated sustainable economic growth by simply removing critical subsidies. What is needed instead is a balanced approach that focuses on tackling the underlying corruption and inefficiencies in subsidy administration while maintaining a safety net for the most vulnerable segments of society.
Islamic economics promotes the idea of a welfare state—one in which the government plays an active role in ensuring that the basic needs of all citizens are met. This includes providing subsidies for essential goods and services like fuel, healthcare, and education. The role of the state in this model is to facilitate equitable distribution of resources, ensuring that the poor and vulnerable are not left behind in the pursuit of economic growth.
Indeed, subsidies are not inherently bad. In fact, they can be powerful tools for poverty alleviation, economic stability, and growth if managed transparently. What is bad is the corruption that skews the benefits of these subsidies toward the elite, leaving the masses with little to no relief. This is where the Islamic perspective emphasizes accountability (muhasabah) and good governance (al-hukm al-salih).
A Path Forward for Nigeria:
- Reforming Subsidy Management, Not Abolishing It: Nigeria must focus on fixing the corrupt mechanisms that allow subsidies to benefit a few at the expense of the many. A transparent and accountable subsidy system that targets the most vulnerable can serve as a buffer against the rising cost of living and stimulate economic growth. Islamic principles of governance call for honesty, transparency, and the eradication of corruption. If these values are applied, subsidies could be restructured rather than eliminated.
- Diversifying Revenue Streams: The reliance on petroleum as Nigeria’s primary source of revenue is unsustainable. The Islamic economist advocates for risk-sharing and diversification, encouraging investments in agriculture, technology, and other productive sectors. This approach aligns with the Islamic economic principle of tawazun (balance), where multiple sectors contribute to economic prosperity, reducing dependency on any one sector and providing stability in times of crisis.
- Investing in Human Capital: Instead of burdening citizens with higher fuel prices, the government should prioritize investments in education, healthcare, and job creation. This will enable individuals to lift themselves out of poverty and contribute to the economy. The principle of maslahah (public interest) in Islamic economics stresses the importance of policies that benefit the wider society.
- Islamic Financing Alternatives: Islamic finance offers alternatives to the traditional interest-based borrowing that often leads to crippling debt. Instruments like sukuk (Islamic bonds) and waqf (endowments) can be used to fund infrastructure projects and social services without placing undue financial burdens on future generations.
Growth, Not Austerity, Is the Solution
The removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria is a shortsighted policy that fails to address the core issues plaguing the economy. While the government may believe that it is balancing the budget, it is, in fact, deepening poverty and stifling economic growth. The lesson from Argentina and other countries that have implemented similar policies is clear: austerity measures do not work.
Nigeria must pursue a growth-oriented strategy that focuses on boosting productivity, improving infrastructure, and investing in human capital. By tackling corruption in the subsidy system and adopting Islamic economic principles of justice and equity, Nigeria can create a more prosperous and inclusive economy. The Bretton Woods institutions’ one-size-fits-all approach to economic reform is flawed, and Nigeria must chart its own path—one that prioritizes the welfare of its people above all else.
EDITORIAL
Dubai Sets the Stage for Global Free Zone Evolution at the World FZO World Congress
Published
1 month agoon
October 3, 2024By
EditorThe World Free Zones Organization (World FZO) marked a pivotal moment in its history as it celebrated its 10th anniversary at the World Congress in Dubai. The event, held under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, drew attention to Dubai’s expanding role as a global economic powerhouse. His Highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Second Deputy Ruler of Dubai and Chairman of the Dubai Media Council, inaugurated the event, underscoring the city’s commitment to shaping the future of global trade and economic development.
This year’s congress, held under the theme “Zones and the Shifting Global Economic Structures – Unlocking New Investment Avenues,” saw the launch of the World FZO’s new corporate identity, ushering in a fresh phase defined by three core pillars: Impact, Influence, and Trust. The organization’s rebranding signals its commitment to driving global economic progress, fostering sustainability, and creating inclusive growth opportunities through empowered free zones.
Dubai’s position as a leader in the free zone model is no accident. With cutting-edge infrastructure and a forward-looking approach, the emirate has transformed its free zones into dynamic hubs for trade, investment, and innovation. Sheikh Ahmed emphasized that Dubai is on course to become one of the world’s top three urban economies in the next decade, a goal aligned with the Dubai Economic Agenda (D33). This trajectory is driven by its status as a global hub for industries ranging from technology to healthcare and finance, all supported by the emirate’s advanced infrastructure and competitive environment.
The congress highlighted the role free zones play in not only national economies but also the global economic landscape. Free zones have become catalysts for growth, creating job opportunities, attracting investments, and fostering technological advancement. The UAE’s 44 specialized free zones, as noted by UAE’s Minister of Economy, Abdullah bin Touq Al Marri, serve as vital platforms connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa, while contributing to the competitiveness of the national economy.
Sheikh Ahmed’s presence at the event reinforced the centrality of free zones in the UAE’s broader economic vision, particularly as the country seeks to double its foreign trade to AED25 trillion by 2033. In the context of global economic uncertainty, the free zone model has proven resilient, responsible for facilitating $3.5 trillion in global exports annually, accounting for roughly 20% of global trade in goods.
The World FZO’s vision for the future is clear: empower free zones to be at the forefront of socio-economic development, innovation, and sustainability. By leveraging new technologies and embracing sectors like artificial intelligence, digital trade, and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, free zones are positioned to play a central role in shaping the future global economy. The launch of its new corporate identity represents a strategic shift, reflecting both the successes of the past decade and the opportunities for the future.
As the World FZO steps into its second decade, Dubai continues to play a critical role in shaping the narrative around global trade and free zones. With its visionary leadership, strategic location, and commitment to innovation, Dubai remains a beacon for investors, businesses, and governments worldwide looking to capitalize on the vast potential that free zones offer.
With over 1,600 members from 141 countries, the organization has facilitated the development of free zones, enabling countries to diversify their economies, create jobs, and attract foreign direct investment (FDI).
Africa is increasingly becoming a focal point for free zone development, offering untapped potential for industrialization and economic growth. As the continent pushes towards diversification, free zones provide an essential platform for African nations to engage in global trade, attract investment, and drive innovation. The African continent, home to rich natural resources and a youthful population, can benefit significantly from the expertise and frameworks developed by the World FZO.
Countries like China have exemplified how free zones can serve as engines of industrialization. China’s special economic zones (SEZs) have played a pivotal role in transforming its economy into the world’s manufacturing powerhouse. The success of the Shenzhen SEZ, which went from a fishing village to a sprawling industrial hub, demonstrates the transformative potential of free zones. China’s SEZs attracted billions in FDI, creating millions of jobs and propelling the country into global prominence.
In Africa, countries such as Morocco and Rwanda have started replicating this success. The Tanger-Med Free Zone in Morocco has become a significant gateway for African trade with Europe, serving as a model of how free zones can foster regional integration and industrialization. Similarly, Rwanda’s Kigali Free Trade Zone is laying the groundwork for the country’s transformation into an ICT and logistics hub.
The Islamic economy is another area where free zones can drive substantial growth. The global Halal economy is projected to reach $7 trillion by 2030, encompassing sectors like Halal food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fashion, and Islamic finance. Dubai’s model of integrating Islamic economic principles within its free zones offers a blueprint for other nations. The Dubai Airport Free Zone Authority (DAFZA), for instance, supports Halal businesses with specialized zones designed to meet global Halal standards, thereby promoting Islamic economy sectors across the globe.
The World FZO, by fostering international cooperation and knowledge sharing, can help African and other Islamic economies develop their free zones to attract investments from key industries in technology, manufacturing, and finance. The success of Dubai’s Halal economy provides a powerful case for expanding this model across the Muslim world, particularly in Africa, where Islamic finance and the Halal economy hold immense potential for growth.
The Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) are critical institutions that can catalyze the development of free zones across Africa and Islamic economies. The IsDB has been at the forefront of providing financing and technical assistance to support infrastructure projects in member nations, including those in Africa. Its focus on infrastructure, capacity-building, and sustainable development is directly aligned with the goals of free zone development.
Through its various financial instruments, the IsDB can partner with African nations to establish and upgrade free zones, ensuring they meet international standards while promoting Islamic economic values. Moreover, the bank can fund Halal industry projects within free zones, stimulating trade and investment in sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and logistics, which are crucial for the Islamic economy.
Similarly, the African Development Bank plays a pivotal role in driving Africa’s economic transformation. The AfDB’s focus on industrialization, infrastructure, and regional integration provides a strong foundation for supporting free zone initiatives across the continent. By financing large-scale infrastructure projects such as ports, airports, and industrial parks, the AfDB can help create the necessary conditions for African nations to establish competitive free zones that attract global investment.
As the World FZO steps into its second decade, it is time for African nations and Islamic economies to harness the power of free zones as catalysts for economic transformation. The successes of China, the UAE, and other global players provide clear evidence of the potential impact of free zones on industrialization, job creation, and economic growth. Africa, with its vast resources and growing population, must accelerate the development of its free zones to tap into global markets, attract FDI, and build sustainable economies.
We call on the Islamic Development Bank and the African Development Bank to prioritize the financing of free zone projects in Africa, aligning their efforts with the goals of economic diversification, industrialization, and Halal economy development. Additionally, governments across Africa must adopt policies that streamline free zone operations, ensuring a business-friendly environment that attracts global investors.
The Africa Islamic Economic Forum (AFRIEF) must continue its advocacy and support for the development of Islamic economies in Africa, using platforms like the World FZO to showcase the continent’s potential. By promoting the integration of Islamic finance, Halal industries, and free zones, AFRIEF can help position Africa as a leading player in the global Islamic economy.
This is Africa’s moment to step forward and seize the opportunities offered by free zones. Africa must embrace the vision of the World FZO and leverage the expertise of global partners to unlock new investment avenues, create jobs, and build a prosperous future for its people.
The time for action is now. Africa’s free zones must become the engines of its economic renaissance, driving industrialization, innovation, and global trade integration.
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